P.S. Euglena has an 'eyespot', which is a photoreceptor, for example, and
our pineal gland is the 'third eye'....

On Thu, Feb 28, 2019 at 10:01 AM JOHN TORDAY <[log in to unmask]> wrote:

> *But doesn’t this analysis suggest that subjective conscious awareness
> (i.e., the experience of sight) comes “later” in the evolutionary process
> (i.e., added on to the “end of a series of adaptations”)?*
>
> For me it's a continuum, like knowing that matter is composed of
> atoms.....awareness is consciousness, and all organisms must be aware of
> their surroundings or they'd be 'rocks'.
>
> But you are doing the same thing you accused me of, all due respect, in
> not acknowledging my synthesis of the Singularity, Consciousness as
> Cosmology, and consciousness as our 'innate sense' of the Cosmos as the
> origin of all things. I find that preferable to The Big Chill of
> probabilistic physics and Anthropic Principle. Even Einstein said that G_d
> does not play dice with the Universe. j
>
> On Thu, Feb 28, 2019 at 9:51 AM Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx <
> [log in to unmask]> wrote:
>
>> Great, thanks.
>>
>>
>>
>> But doesn’t this analysis suggest that subjective conscious awareness
>> (i.e., the experience of sight) comes “later” in the evolutionary process
>> (i.e., added on to the “end of a series of adaptations”)?
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]> *On Behalf Of *JOHN TORDAY
>> *Sent:* Thursday, February 28, 2019 9:36 AM
>> *To:* [log in to unmask]
>> *Subject:* Re: How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System
>> of Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> Gregg, I should apologize for inadvertently ignoring your 'blindsight'
>> example of consciousness. I have actually addressed this in a paper on what
>> is referred to in Biology as Terminal Addition (Torday JS, Miller WB Jr.
>> Terminal addition in a cellular world. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2018
>> Jul;135:1-10.), the phenomenon in which newly acquired phenotypic traits
>> appear to be added on to the 'end' of a series of evolved adaptations. I
>> hypothesized that that's because the acquired trait, like all of those
>> 'upstream' of it is mediated by cell-cell signaling mediated by soluble
>> growth factors and their receptors on cells of different embryologic (germ
>> line) origins. So if you lose eyesight due to damage to the optic nerve,
>> which is distal to all of the intermediate neurons that connect the eye to
>> the occipital lobe, the system still needs to maintain the upstream
>> signaling pathways as best it can in order to fulfill the phenotype as
>> agent mission (e.g. proprioception) because in order to remain as 'normal'
>> as possible, the primary vision trait and all of the other interconnections
>> with other neurologic properties need to be sustained in order for the
>> person to effectively pass on his/her genes. So for someone to exhibit
>> 'blindsight' makes perfect sense to me because they have developed all
>> those interconnections between sight and all the other related behaviors.
>> So I have provided an explanation for this phenomenon that is internally
>> consistent with my theory of evolution based on cell-cell communications.
>> Hope this makes 'sense' because I think it's correct.
>>
>>
>>
>> On Thu, Feb 28, 2019 at 9:00 AM Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx <
>> [log in to unmask]> wrote:
>>
>> John,
>>
>>   Let’s focus on some agreement. I agree that you offer a powerful, new
>> reductive physiological line that offers a potential “180 degree” shift in
>> key aspects of how we might think about physics into biophysiological
>> causation. Although I can’t see and follow all that you can given your
>> specialized language and knowledge background, I can see enough to be
>> convinced it is fascinating and on to something. The way I think about it,
>> the classic modern synthesis (i.e., natural selection operating on genetic
>> combinations) is clearly incomplete and key insights regarding your first
>> principles of physiology and epigenetics will be needed to obtain a truly
>> “complete evolutionary synthesis”. I also “get” that your view is a
>> foundational game changer in many ways, and sets the stage for a view that
>> aligns us with the Implicate Order. All good.
>>
>>
>>
>> However, to be complete any new explanatory system needs to deal with the
>> lower level of description. That is where we find our struggle. You are
>> correct to note that I am working at the level of description and you are
>> working at a more fundamental level of explanation. Great! And
>> (potentially) hats off to you. BUT for your explanations to be complete
>> (and for me to believe that they are), you MUST deal with my descriptions!
>> Einstein’s theory of gravity dealt effectively with the phenomena of
>> attraction as described by Newton. He did not just brush off descriptions
>> that did not fit.
>>
>>
>>
>> I am offering blindsight as a description of a phenomena that, IMO, any
>> model of consciousness would need to be able to frame. The argument that
>> you are operating at a deeper level is a non sequitur if you don’t deal
>> with the description that I am highlighting. If you can’t deal with it,
>> then your deep explanation is missing key features and your rhetorical
>> argument falls flat, at least to my ear.
>>
>>
>>
>> Best of intentions,
>>
>> Gregg
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]> *On Behalf Of *JOHN TORDAY
>> *Sent:* Thursday, February 28, 2019 8:43 AM
>> *To:* [log in to unmask]
>> *Subject:* Re: How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System
>> of Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> Gregg, this kind of anecdotal example is akin to the difference between
>> Newton's Theory of Gravity and Einstein's. Newton generated an equation to
>> describe the attraction of masses to one another whereas Einstein showed
>> how and why gravity bends light. In doing so, Einstein interrelated gravity
>> and Relativity Theory, providing a diachronic, mechanistic, across
>> space/time perspective rather than just a synchronic, descriptive view. I
>> would submit that this represents what I had referred to in my previous
>> email, that the science leverages the transition from the Explicate to the
>> Implicate Order.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Thu, Feb 28, 2019 at 8:17 AM Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx <
>> [log in to unmask]> wrote:
>>
>> Let me offer one quick follow up, based on a back channel question I
>> received.
>>
>>
>>
>> To understand the difference between consciousness as functional
>> awareness and response versus subjective phenomenology, consider the
>> concept of “blindsight”.
>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Blindsight&d=DwMFaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=cdR9JPGKCyVUM9luX-yLxsifof8skehk9y1DuJmPpRY&s=ODoz8QDgOR0Om95Z5PssETnj_wzdE2T6_zx-jjf5uAc&e=>
>> Blindsight is the case where someone, usually do to damage to the occipital
>> lobe, is blind (i.e., has no experience of vision). However, what Weiskranz
>> and other neuropsychologists found was that such patients do have some
>> functional visual awareness, even though they have no subjective experience
>> of vision. For example, an individual can be asked to “look at a room” and
>> point to which side a box is located. The person responds, “I have no idea,
>> I can’t see anything.” And the experimenter says, “I know, but take a
>> guess.”  And the person points to the correct side with 90-95% accuracy.
>> The reason is some visual information is being processed, it just is not
>> manifesting itself in subjective awareness.
>>
>>
>>
>> This highlights the conceptual difference between behavioral functional
>> awareness (i.e., the person can actually respond to objects in the
>> environment) despite no subjective conscious awareness.
>>
>>
>> Best,
>> G
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx
>> *Sent:* Thursday, February 28, 2019 7:36 AM
>> *To:* [log in to unmask]
>> *Subject:* RE: How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System
>> of Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> John,
>>
>>   If we have any hope in achieving clarity, we need to disentangle the
>> meaning of the words we are using. First, though, let me be clear in that
>> the question of whether humans are “good for the planet” is different than
>> whether or not they have unique forms of consciousness. As I write in this
>> blog, we “verbals” can obviously be viewed as a nightmare from the vantage
>> point of other
>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.psychologytoday.com_us_blog_theory-2Dknowledge_201203_verbals&d=DwMFaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=cdR9JPGKCyVUM9luX-yLxsifof8skehk9y1DuJmPpRY&s=2wiSy_NtUL4qWWua8EdrfHdmyUdt-kduW46aItfwHxA&e=>
>> species. But, let’s face it, if an alien came and visited this planet, the
>> behavior of one species would stand out as demonstrating radically
>> different patterns than others, and it would not be the flies avoiding the
>> fly swatters, but the people who constructed the tool and the way they talk
>> about how annoying the flies are.
>>
>>
>>
>>   The question on the table pertains to “consciousness”. I am taking a
>> scientific view of the concept. That means I am going to try and
>> “objectively” describe it. Depending on how consciousness is defined, that
>> can present a foundational problem. First, though, it depends on how it is
>> defined. If you define consciousness in terms of “functional awareness and
>> response,” then you are defining consciousness in terms of objective
>> behavior. This is how you conceive of the term. That is, you *know *organisms
>> are conscious by the fact that you can observe (i.e., take a video of) that
>> they are “aware of their specific environments” and they respond
>> accordingly.  Given that I am a “universal behaviorist,” I appreciate the
>> value of this perspective.
>>
>>
>>
>>   However, there are other meanings of the term consciousness. One
>> crucial meaning is “subjective phenomenology” or “what it is like to ‘be’
>> something”. As I highlight in this blog on the conceptual problems of
>> consciousness
>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.psychologytoday.com_us_blog_theory-2Dknowledge_201812_10-2Dproblems-2Dconsciousness&d=DwMFaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=cdR9JPGKCyVUM9luX-yLxsifof8skehk9y1DuJmPpRY&s=9DN8D_kNWir1MN-LCc7lKZ5CBoNgoCOTGG9MDCzUVi4&e=>,
>> subjective phenomenology carries the epistemological problem that we can
>> never objectively observe another’s subjective experience (see problem 6).
>> You can not take a video of my perceptual experience of being in the world.
>> Except for the owner, everyone (or everything) else’s subjective
>> phenomenology must be inferred. This relates to the philosophical problem of
>> zombies
>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__plato.stanford.edu_entries_zombies_&d=DwMFaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=cdR9JPGKCyVUM9luX-yLxsifof8skehk9y1DuJmPpRY&s=RXHssiFyk6albuVCjB-DtYjRV56RSzJnC_e9dXk-nT0&e=>
>> (i.e., the possibility that no one or nothing else in the universe has a
>> subjective phenomenology).
>>
>>
>>
>>   So, there is a “language game” problem here (which, BTW, it what I
>> describe as the first problem of consciousness, recognizing the many
>> entangled definitions and confusing issues). You mean consciousness in
>> terms of physiological functional awareness and response that can be
>> observed via a third person. I was using the term to refer to subjective
>> phenomenology (which all the scientific evidence suggests is found in
>> animals with brains—not bacteria!—and then I build off of that into human
>> self-conscious reflective awareness and explicit intersubjectivity).
>>
>>
>>
>>   This has nothing to do with my being anthropomorphic. It just has to do
>> with the concepts of science and observation and the unique epistemological
>> and metaphysical problems associated consciousness as subjective
>> phenomenology (which sets the stage for human intersubjectivity via
>> language). IMO, your language system just glosses over these issues and
>> then uses rhetoric about deck chairs, insanity, and the need to do things
>> different, which are not exactly relevant. Bottom line, with all due
>> respect, I don’t see how your First Principles of Physiology deals at all
>> with the epistemological or metaphysical problems of subjective
>> phenomenology. As such, it does not really deal with the heart of the
>> problem of consciousness. That said, I do believe it help us conceptually
>> understand the foundations of cellular functional awareness and response
>> and thus is valuable in shifting and ultimately grounding our perspective
>> (e.g., as you know, I have found the idea that the brain is the “skin
>> inverted” to be a powerful conception of its origin and function).
>>
>>
>>
>> Best of intentions,
>>
>> G
>>
>>
>>
>> PS The ToK System, with its conception of energy as fundamental and
>> depiction of the universe as an unfolding wave of behavior, completely
>> agrees with Whitehead’s process philosophy as far as I can tell (although I
>> am not an expert).
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]> *On Behalf Of *Marquis, Andre
>> *Sent:* Wednesday, February 27, 2019 5:51 PM
>> *To:* [log in to unmask]
>> *Subject:* Re: How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System
>> of Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> I, for one, am enjoying the dialogues between Gregg and John!
>>
>> andre
>>
>>
>>
>> *From: *tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]> on behalf of JOHN TORDAY <
>> [log in to unmask]>
>> *Reply-To: *tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]>
>> *Date: *Wednesday, February 27, 2019 at 2:23 PM
>> *To: *"[log in to unmask]" <[log in to unmask]>
>> *Subject: *Re: How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System
>> of Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> Gregg, you are taking an anthropocentric position IMHO. I would submit
>> that if you woke up in a fly's realm, but with your human attributes that
>> you would rapidly succumb to the fly swatter absent the fly's skill set.
>> All of the human qualities you enumerate are highly admirable, but they are
>> what we humans use to do human things. And they have evolved from our
>> bidpedal body habitus, freeing our forelimbs for specialized functions like
>> tool making and texting, followed by language as another 'tool' needed to
>> express ourselves while operating tools. Yes, we are probably unique in
>> 'knowing that we know', but that has also resulted in our species being the
>> only one that is destroying the planet, so that should give us pause.
>>
>>
>>
>> And yes, all organisms are conscious in their own idiosyncratic ways, in
>> service to being aware of their specific enviornments, in turn in service
>> to passing their genes from one generation to the next as the biologic
>> imperative- that's why all species are engaged in evolution. Bottom line is
>> that all of life exists in recognition of the Singularity as its origin as
>> the template for our existence pre-Big Bang, the 'equal and opposite
>> reaction' complying with Newton's Third Law of Motion, which we now
>> identify as homeostasis as the reason that matter exists....without
>> homeostasis there would only be energy. This is the basis for Alfred North
>> Whitehead's "Process Theory". He intuited that matter is a transient state
>> of energy, and that it is for this reason that only relationships matter
>> (pun intended). I think that until we come to this realization we will
>> continue to keep doing the same thing over and over again, expecting a
>> different outcome, which is a functional definition of insanity,
>> recognizing that I am ironically responding to a psychologist (with the
>> best of intentions on my part)....
>>
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Feb 27, 2019 at 2:06 PM Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx <
>> [log in to unmask]> wrote:
>>
>> Yes, John, we have confirmed we disagree on this point. J
>>
>>
>>
>> You do agree that we humans have a different form of information
>> processing than animals called symbolic, syntactical language, correct? And
>> you agree that we humans are the only animals that have the self-reflective
>> capacity, such that we know that we know, right? And we are the only
>> creatures that develop science and attempt to map the Explicate v.
>> Implicate order, correct? So, if consciousness is awareness (which is a
>> point that I believe you have made), then it seems to me that there are a
>> number of dimensions of awareness (i.e., self-conscious, reflective,
>> linguistically explicit, logical analysis) that represents a big difference
>> between we humans and, say, houseflies…or fish or snakes or ravens or rat
>> or chimps or dolphins…but wait, are you saying all animals have the same
>> level of consciousness? That would be a radical claim, at least as I am
>> conceptualizing consciousness (note, I mean little “c” not your big “C”)
>>
>>
>>
>> You have your “diachronic versus synchronic deck chair” claim, which I
>> continue to try to wrap my “evolutionary time oriented” mind around. Keep
>> in mind I have my argument that the universe represents different levels
>> and dimensions of complexity, with the different dimensions of complexity
>> emerging as a function of different information-communication systems,
>> Life-genes, Mind-nervous systems, Culture-human language, which I think you
>> have trouble wrapping your mind around.
>>
>>
>>
>> Best of intentions,
>>
>> G
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]> *On Behalf Of *JOHN TORDAY
>> *Sent:* Wednesday, February 27, 2019 1:32 PM
>> *To:* [log in to unmask]
>> *Subject:* Re: How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System
>> of Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> As you well know Gregg, I respectfully disagree with the distinction
>> between animal consciousness and human consciousness. I maintain that
>> consciousness is derivative of physiology, and if that is correct, we don't
>> distinguish the principles of physiology in animals and humans.....to the
>> contrary, we study animal physiology to understand human physiology, not
>> just for ethical reasons, but because the comparative anatomy, biochemistry
>> and molecular biology inform us about the evolution of physiology. As for
>> mapping the relationships between disciplines, it must be more than just
>> the synchronic real-time 'rearranging the deck chairs'; it must entail a
>> diachronic, across space/time transcendent perspective in order to factor
>> out the artifacts of the human subjectivity about our origins and mechanism
>> of evolution, starting with unicellular organisms, moving forward. Just to
>> be clear, there are commonalities between how Mendeleev configured the
>> Periodic Table of Elements and that for Evolutionary Biology as I have
>> conceptualized it based on experimental data rather than inductive
>> reasoning. This is an important insight because both chemical equations and
>> the mechanisms of physiologic evolution offer the opportunity to transcend
>> space/time, providing that essential diachronic view I have alluded to that
>> is necessary in order to get to the fundament of Nature as the literal
>> product of the Big Bang. Only then can we understand interdisciplinarity
>> IMHO.
>>
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Feb 27, 2019 at 12:34 PM Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx <
>> [log in to unmask]> wrote:
>>
>> Thanks for these thoughts, Jason and John.
>>
>>
>>
>> One thing I would offer from a ToK System lens regarding the point about
>> “behavior” and psychology and the social sciences, is that a major hurdle
>> to any coherent, consilient dual major or interdisciplinary view is that we
>> have lacked the appropriate map of the whole.
>>
>>
>>
>> For example, at the institutional level, it is absolutely the case that
>> psychology focuses its lens on human behavior at the individual level.
>> However, virtually all its foundational concepts regarding learning and
>> neuro-cognitive maps are at the level of the “mental” (i.e., animal
>> behavior and the idea that the mind is what the brain does). In other
>> words, to have linguistic clarity, we need to split basic/animal psychology
>> from human psychology and then place human psychology as the base of the
>> social sciences.
>>
>>
>>
>> We will achieve more effective multi/interdisciplinary perspectives if we
>> map out the relationships between the disciplines in a more effective way.
>>
>>
>>
>> Best,
>>
>> G
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]> *On Behalf Of *JOHN TORDAY
>> *Sent:* Monday, February 25, 2019 7:39 AM
>> *To:* [log in to unmask]
>> *Subject:* Re: How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System
>> of Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> Dear Jason, Gregg and TOKers, the 'silo-ing' of intellectual pursuits is
>> overwhelmingly apparent in this thread. I have been involved in the
>> initiative for what is being termed Interdisciplinarity for a number of
>> years, contributing to the *Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity,* for
>> example. I assumed that that effort was pervasive, only to realize through
>> this discussion that clearly it is not. If I may share my own life
>> experience, I was a Biology/English double major in college. Through that
>> interdisciplinary approach I learned how to 'dissect' both a frog and a
>> poem, literally. But the contrast was palpable in the sense that my poetry
>> Professor would read a piece of poetry, 'dissect' it over the course of the
>> lecture, but would never let us out of the lecture hall until he had read
>> it again in its entirety because it didn't exist other than as a whole.
>> Conversely, the frog would remain on the lab bench in pieces, and many of
>> my classmates are your physicians, I might add. My learning experience was
>> that the frog, like the poem, did not exist without reassembling it, which
>> I have done as a cellular biologist/physiologist over the course of the
>> last 50 years. It's far more difficult to see things both as parts and
>> wholes, let alone teach it, but as Gregg had alluded to, perhaps we'd be
>> better off learning through dual disciplines that complement one another,
>> like Psychology and Sociology, IMHO.
>>
>>
>>
>> And not to get too meta, but I think the reason that we need to use a
>> 'double major' approach is because we are only approximating the 'truth' in
>> David Bohm's Explicate Order (*Wholeness and the Implicate Order*), so
>> to have an informed perspective, we must see things through more than one
>> lens. I have, for example, come to the realization that the reason we must
>> control a scientific experiment is because what we are examining is only
>> relative, not absolute, so we need to provide a 'context' or framework in
>> which to do so.....in Bohm's ideal or Implicate Order, for example, there
>> is no need for controls, if you get my drift. I offer these thoughts with
>> the best of intentions.
>>
>>
>>
>> On Sun, Feb 24, 2019 at 2:40 PM nysa71 <
>> [log in to unmask]> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> Gregg writes, " A problem, of course, is that mainstream psychologists
>> and psychotherapists don’t think about the macro-level structures..."
>>
>> It's funny you should mention that. Over a decade ago, I started thinking
>> that it was strange that there were these institutional "walls" between
>> psychology and the other social sciences, and that it seemed so "early 20th
>> century". I remember thinking that they're all dealing with human behavior
>> --- with psychology dealing with individual behaviors, but the other social
>> sciences dealing with the context within which individuals behave, (and
>> those social structures being both reinforced and changed due to behaviors
>> at the level of psychology).
>>
>> All of these fields have developed to the point where I sometimes
>> wondered if it would make more sense to start thinking of universities
>> offering more "general" bachelor degrees along the lines of "Psychology &
>> Social Science", and then focusing on a specific disciple, (e.g.,
>> psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, economics, etc.),
>> in post graduate studies.
>>
>> At the very least, psychology undergraduates should be required to take
>> some social science classes.
>>
>> ~ Jason Bessey
>>
>> On Sunday, February 24, 2019, 10:35:01 AM EST, Henriques, Gregg -
>> henriqgx <[log in to unmask]> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Thanks for sharing this, Jason. Neoliberalism and its critique is a major
>> focus of a number of the major Div 24 scholars, with Jeff Sugarman leading
>> the way. A problem, of course, is that mainstream psychologists and
>> psychotherapists don’t think about the macro-level structures, values and
>> processes that are operative. Rather they look at phenomena and clients and
>> try to describe and explain what they see, with really appreciating the
>> deep context.
>>
>>
>>
>> My favorite book on a related topic is Barry Schwartz’s The Battle for
>> Human Nature
>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.amazon.com_Battle-2DHuman-2DNature-2DScience-2DMorality_dp_0393304450&d=DwMFaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=pXQ2SEX6BD7KGH3vPZgvrLZ7AAYVVT_vaq07aAJgoms&s=u3WdyySlG7vIl2KMErhZQBr88We_e0_390E8CwYOFEs&e=>.
>> It reviews behavioral theory, evolutionary theory and economics and here is
>> its summary:
>>
>>
>>
>> *Out of the investigations and speculations of contemporary science, a
>> challenging view of human behavior and society has emerged and gained
>> strength. It is a view that equates “human nature” utterly and unalterably
>> with the pursuit of self-interest. Influenced by this view, people
>> increasingly appeal to natural imperatives, instead of moral ones, to
>> explain and justify their actions and those of others.*
>>
>>
>>
>> Best,
>>
>> G
>>
>>
>>
>> *From:* tree of knowledge system discussion <
>> [log in to unmask]> *On Behalf Of *nysa71
>> *Sent:* Saturday, February 23, 2019 5:03 PM
>> *To:* [log in to unmask]
>> *Subject:* How Psychology Helps Reinforce the Justification System of
>> Neoliberalism
>>
>>
>>
>> Interesting paper on psychology and neoliberalism:
>>
>> ABSTRACT
>>
>> This article draws attention to the relationship between neoliberalism
>> and psychology. Features of this relationship can be seen with reference to
>> recent studies linking psychology to neoliberalism through the constitution
>> of a kind of subjectivity susceptible to neoliberal governmentality. Three
>> examples are presented that reveal the ways in which psychologists are
>> implicated in the neoliberal agenda: psychologists’ conception and
>> treatment of social anxiety disorder, positive psychology, and educational
>> psychology. It is hoped that presenting and discussing these cases broadens
>> the context of consideration in which psychological ethics might be
>> examined and more richly informed. It is concluded that only by
>> interrogating neoliberalism, psychologists’ relationship to it, how it
>> affects what persons are and might become, and whether it is good for human
>> well-being can we understand the ethics of psychological disciplinary and
>> professional practices in the context of a neoliberal political order and
>> if we are living up to our social responsibility.
>>
>> Sugarman, J. (2015). "Neolberalism and Psychological Ethics
>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.researchgate.net_profile_Jeff-5FSugarman_publication_276140354-5FNeoliberalism-5Fand-5FPsychological-5FEthics_links_555c08af08aec5ac2232aa06.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=vwLIeIntBrX9PS9a_NIXhc5NSW7hFU5gGxWKr_V1S8g&s=52cspoZeSdor9CUOfJ1rN27wy_0SO4T-PYmkx9W7nv8&e=>".
>> *Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 35,* 103 - 116.
>>
>> ~ Jason Bessey
>>
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