I should know to be careful of what I ask for. I joke with my students after giving long answers their questions that they got a professor's answer, are they glad they asked? They laugh and indulge me by saying they are glad. Let me put some of my thoughts out there and see where the conversation goes. First, thanks for the trust, my friend. Next, I'll say that I really like Prof Cokley's blog. It is very straightforward in making a case for his viewpoint in a relatively noncontentious way despite the contentiousness of the question. I see the question of Black Psychology more similarly to Mike than to the position you outline, Gregg. The way I might put it is that the molecules don't care about the skin color, gender, etc. of the physicist, and the physicist's science is not terribly dependent on their position in society. (Physicists do treat one another differently based on skin color or gender though.) In contrast, psychological research and practice are very dependent on the social position of the researcher or practitioner, both from the perspective of the professional and from the perspective of the research participant or client. As I see it, this is what the white chairpersons did not understand and what is central from Prof. Cokley's perspective. Another way I am thinking about it is that Black Psychology is important because it is a psychology of humans who are part of a minority group that has been traumatized and discriminated against because of their membership in that group. My guess is that any group in that situation would find similar ways to live as well as they can, given how they are seen and treated. I think there would be parallels with many similar groups who have been systematically mistreated by a majority or by those in power. We might find interesting parallels with Uyghurs or Tibetans in China or Kurds in Turkey or Morrocans in France. I think that Black Psychology in the Western world can tell us about oppression and resilience in ways that studying white folks probably cannot. So I don't see Black Psychology as something different from psychology as a whole. I'm thinking of it as a worthwhile specialization, but it is still examining an important part of the human experience in a particular context. I think all the other possible psychologies would also be special cases of the human experience. And I'm thinking that Black Psychology would look entirely different in an affluent society in which Black folks were in the majority and holding a good share of the power. These are my thoughts of the moment. I'm interested in learning from others as well. I reserve the right to amend what I've said when I learn more. All the best, Blaine Blaine J. Fowers, Ph.D. Professor Department of Educational and Psychological Studies Merrick 312 5202 University Dr. Coral Gables, FL 33146 305-284-5261 (o) 305-284-3003 (f) Frailty, Suffering, and Vice: Flourishing in the Face of Human Limitations<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.apa.org_pubs_books_4317447.aspx&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=qidW0-fcsDlXwbRFY6T7a7pGzD55Ktzw25vocf1I2Nk&e= > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.palgrave.com_page_results_-3FSTEM-3Dtrue-26SF1-3Dkword-5Findex-252Cidentifier-26SORT-3Dmat-5Frank-5Fus-252Fd-26SF99-3Dlang-5Ftoggle-26ST99-3Dus-26ST1-3Dthe-2Bevolution-2Bof-2Bethics&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=cVO3ZuVHonPl0QoK4IY19qu8AsYvnfqGJNZDdWEl7gk&e= > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.palgrave.com_page_results_-3FSTEM-3Dtrue-26SF1-3Dkword-5Findex-252Cidentifier-26SORT-3Dmat-5Frank-5Fus-252Fd-26SF99-3Dlang-5Ftoggle-26ST99-3Dus-26ST1-3Dthe-2Bevolution-2Bof-2Bethics&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=cVO3ZuVHonPl0QoK4IY19qu8AsYvnfqGJNZDdWEl7gk&e= >The Evolution of Ethics<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.palgrave.com_us_book_9781137344656-23otherversion-3D9781349466139&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=vknM2tcNNItjm0Jt6Cyp9z_WGDmaknGzMlLbmdXksgs&e= > https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__blainefowers.com&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=h4JP6RTftHPKj92FruDma3uj6-Xzvlj9prUBUT07Jl0&e= ________________________________ From: tree of knowledge system discussion <[log in to unmask]> on behalf of Mascolo, Michael <[log in to unmask]> Sent: Tuesday, July 21, 2020 1:24 PM To: [log in to unmask] <[log in to unmask]> Subject: Re: Black Psychology?...and who has higher self-esteem in US? Blacks or Whites? Hi Greg and all. Who this is a tough one. Actually not so tough. On the question of this is like black physics. No. A fundamental problem with psychology has been its difficult relation to culture. Psychology has often seen itself as trying to understand the mechanisms of the Mind on the one hand and then culture on the other. In this way of thinking culture becomes a variable. It is something to manipulate to see what its effect is on the individual person for the individual mind. The individual mind is one thing it's Universal Etc and culture is another thing if maybe variable and maybe differences between cultures or not. This is a problem. Culture is not a mere variable. Culture is part and parcel of what it means to be human. There is not the mind and then also culture. Mind and culture make each other up. If that is so studying culture is not some adjunct to psychology it is for most it is part of the very process of psychology. And if that is true it becomes very important to talk about and study the different ways in which different cultures create different forms of minding if you will different mentalities. This makes it quite coherent to talk about black psychology or Asian psychology or Etc. There are indeed social constructionist views that embrace the idea of indigenous psychologies. Three of these psychologists make sense. Speak of Indian psychology as in India. Indian psychology has an entire way of parsing the psychological world that is similar in some ways but also very different from the Western ways of doing. We can learn a lot from them and they can learn a lot from us perhaps. But there is not psychology on the one hand say Western psychology on the other end and then also Indian psychology or Indian indigenous psychology that would be to marginalize the Indian way of thinking. We need these indigenous psychology's it seems to me that we need to have a conversation amongst them and between them in order to make up the whole of psychology. And this way it seems to me that a black psychology would not be an alternative psychology it would just be either the cultural the culture of of the Black Culture if you will how it creates individuals or it would be the psychic Lisa caught one of many different forms of indigenous psychology's that are in dialogue with each other. My best, Mike On Tue, Jul 21, 2020, 1:05 PM Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx <[log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]>> wrote: Hi Blaine, I certainly do trust you, and absolutely did not worry about this being a “gotcha” question. So far, the TOK has been a place of good faith dialogue and mutual respect and I expect that to continue until I see evidence of the contrary. Lots to unpack here, which I why I simply left it open ended 😊. But, since you asked, let me offer some reflections. The first issue has to do with one’s philosophy of psychology and the kind and identity of the institution of Psychology. If we adopt a broad, social constructionist view of the field of what psychology is, and we embrace the idea that as an institution, Psychology (with a capital P) should let a 1000 flowers bloom (to use a term by the historian Ludy Benjamin<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Furldefense.proofpoint.com-252Fv2-252Furl-253Fu-253Dhttps-2D3A-5F-5Fpsycnet.apa.org-5Frecord-5F2006-2D2D10050-2D2D006-2526d-253DDwMFaQ-2526c-253DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn-5F5nBEmmeq0-2526r-253DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-2DUOpybo6Cfxxz-2DjIYBgjO2gOz4-2DA-2526m-253Drx6veu-2DCO3TaCJsXTn0BGh8VfgQtECSqDJ-2DPl5wT3rI-2526s-253DV3z-5FhPcdqGXGz9wW8EdyJCR0-5Fvy-2D35rlxMrXo2tNuAA-2526e-253D-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C0-257C637309491242223677-26sdata-3Dd7xV-252BkdhSCPYqqrOFN3PSIoZT22mt-252FzRO-252FNoyXYk5e4-253D-26reserved-3D0&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=iewYpIga_5ktN7aSwd_dsqeDpg8ZL00MZyZCiWnydCQ&e= >), then I am all for the idea and division of Black Psychology. It represents an important voice in the tapestry of voices. Of course, a problem with this is that we can now basically have a psychology of anything, but that is a separate issue than I want to tackle. But if we adopt a more modern, natural, empirical science version of what psychology is, then the idea of Black psychology would be akin to Black physics, Black chemistry or Black biology. This is what I think the Department Heads that were referenced in the blog were potentially getting at in a perhaps insensitive way. Now, we can explore the lives of black physicists (I recommend this podcast<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Furldefense.proofpoint.com-252Fv2-252Furl-253Fu-253Dhttps-2D3A-5F-5Fwww.youtube.com-5Fwatch-2D3Fv-2D3DdKklcL1WNec-2526d-253DDwMFaQ-2526c-253DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn-5F5nBEmmeq0-2526r-253DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-2DUOpybo6Cfxxz-2DjIYBgjO2gOz4-2DA-2526m-253Drx6veu-2DCO3TaCJsXTn0BGh8VfgQtECSqDJ-2DPl5wT3rI-2526s-253DBy8qRIF-5F6TaskNt1gPNfQ-5FaeMd8aHnG-5FYGspvuT4zNk-2526e-253D-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C0-257C637309491242233686-26sdata-3DX33UYqUNvo8qpa-252FNj1ieYO2-252B0Mcg1ofmtld-252B-252B2c1O7c-253D-26reserved-3D0&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=eSOn08sefSjvu_9ChMRFbhmxWmVp6n-xTMyBJJRjbuA&e= > with Coleman Hughes and Neil DeGrasse Tyson, where Tyson discusses a meeting of Black physicists), but I hope that the idea of a Black science of physics would rub us all the wrong way for obvious reasons. So, that is the analogy I would draw here, and from it we can see where there might be problems. That is, clearly we want psychologists studying the unique experiences, cultures and lives of Black Americans (or whatever ethic group, as I did in for my masters thesis), and we want associations for folks to co-mingle who feel marginalized. Things get fuzzy/complicated/problematic if we differentiate Black psychology from White psychology, where the former is a different kind of science or body of knowledge or epistemology or whatever the defining features of the discipline are taken to be. From a unified metapsychology view, the basic science of psychology should be defined as the science of mental behavior, or Mind, defined as the third dimension of behavioral complexity (or plane of existence). Human psychology is a basic scientific discipline that resides at the base of the social sciences. Basic and human psychology are no more “white” sciences than physics is a Black science in this conception. The bottom line is that the word psychology has an almost infinite set of meanings attached to it. One of the reasons I offer and advocate for the ToK System is that it provides a conceptual language system that allows for a coherent science of psychology to emerge. This is argued to be a transcendent Cultural view; i.e., unlike claims of the more strident postmodern constructionist epistemologies, it argues that such a position on the human condition can be taken and one can do so analytically in away that steps out of the stream of socio-cultural justification. From this vantage point, the idea of Black Psychology or, for that matter, Police Psychology, is an artefact of a time when psychology was pre-paradigmatic. Now that we can obtain a full transparadigmatic view, such identities will fade and the proper foundational conception of psychology/Psychology will find is root and grow in the (metamodern) Garden of ideas 😊. Hope this clarifies, as these are the main issues as I see them. Let me know if questions or concerns emerge. Best, Gregg From: tree of knowledge system discussion <[log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]>> On Behalf Of Fowers, Blaine J Sent: Tuesday, July 21, 2020 12:30 PM To: [log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]> Subject: Re: Black Psychology?...and who has higher self-esteem in US? Blacks or Whites? I should clarify the question I asked Gregg a moment ago. Gregg knows me, and I think trusts me, but most people on the list do not know me and might be wondering if I'm trying to do some kind of "gotcha" thing. Just to be clear, I'm not about "gotcha" at all. The question is just part of my process of learning much more about Black psychology as a white, cisgender, 63 year old male. This blog just seems like a great opportunity to learn for many of us. All the best, Blaine Blaine J. Fowers, Ph.D. Professor Department of Educational and Psychological Studies Merrick 312 5202 University Dr. Coral Gables, FL 33146 305-284-5261 (o) 305-284-3003 (f) Frailty, Suffering, and Vice: Flourishing in the Face of Human Limitations<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Furldefense.proofpoint.com-252Fv2-252Furl-253Fu-253Dhttp-2D3A-5F-5Fwww.apa.org-5Fpubs-5Fbooks-5F4317447.aspx-2526d-253DDwMF-2Dg-2526c-253DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn-5F5nBEmmeq0-2526r-253DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-2DUOpybo6Cfxxz-2DjIYBgjO2gOz4-2DA-2526m-253DsBjC3j57fAolYe9uifazv8985XVC7L2QCcgZ7jbwJeA-2526s-253DnxnJwDLh9oax4m6a8rr3DRQXxkB9u-2D-2DoAY2zib2AhHI-2526e-253D-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C0-257C637309491242233686-26sdata-3Dj-252FCq-252FoU6jb2DVkQyadmVmJy6vDncQPZLZGMEBnJ67W8-253D-26reserved-3D0&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=lgt2W_3nKTaq3AKqyBUUJKIqf_NyZaP5da1liyufOtk&e= > The Evolution of Ethics<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Furldefense.proofpoint.com-252Fv2-252Furl-253Fu-253Dhttp-2D3A-5F-5Fwww.palgrave.com-5Fus-5Fbook-5F9781137344656-2D23otherversion-2D3D9781349466139-2526d-253DDwMF-2Dg-2526c-253DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn-5F5nBEmmeq0-2526r-253DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-2DUOpybo6Cfxxz-2DjIYBgjO2gOz4-2DA-2526m-253DsBjC3j57fAolYe9uifazv8985XVC7L2QCcgZ7jbwJeA-2526s-253DxmAiroXCYGYDb70PSsP97Ocr-2DIfJ04-2DMcAMPUmdE8Fs-2526e-253D-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C0-257C637309491242243670-26sdata-3D58i0JmBI4unnHf8uGOf0S1Tg5HsXWKFJMN2dxFfRJ50-253D-26reserved-3D0&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=OMMvI1xgOI7rGuQ_dbRKuSIUmsq-OWXNsqMuiqV2a18&e= > https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__blainefowers.com&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=h4JP6RTftHPKj92FruDma3uj6-Xzvlj9prUBUT07Jl0&e= <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Furldefense.proofpoint.com-252Fv2-252Furl-253Fu-253Dhttp-2D3A-5F-5Fblainefowers.com-2526d-253DDwMF-2Dg-2526c-253DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn-5F5nBEmmeq0-2526r-253DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-2DUOpybo6Cfxxz-2DjIYBgjO2gOz4-2DA-2526m-253DsBjC3j57fAolYe9uifazv8985XVC7L2QCcgZ7jbwJeA-2526s-253DmSW8BUGv8PEHZkTw5a0NRr63cWw5PBFPjCsOypKhhNQ-2526e-253D-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C0-257C637309491242243670-26sdata-3D2JcgpxVXPrZjTMcHTp7jyJqb-252FdVxEmLY4QO1h3VKgao-253D-26reserved-3D0&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=kTv1YPmhkDkdWpgg-Wb6h6uoxxknBZtXVAyitnAkXRo&e= > ________________________________ From: tree of knowledge system discussion <[log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]>> on behalf of Henriques, Gregg - henriqgx <[log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]>> Sent: Tuesday, July 21, 2020 10:49 AM To: [log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]> <[log in to unmask]<mailto:[log in to unmask]>> Subject: Black Psychology?...and who has higher self-esteem in US? Blacks or Whites? Here is an interesting blog that I confess to having mixed reactions to: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.psychologytoday.com_us_blog_black-2Dpsychology-2Dmatters_202007_why-2Dblack-2Dpsychology-2Dmatters&d=DwIGaQ&c=eLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0&r=HPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A&m=fi2vW26Be5W1w5hyE6R1irvpa2Zpn9UzHS2LPT5uQrc&s=PWQ0cm6GgMEp7exZmYOokvwuuU7_Xhg3x-lujKeZKtY&e= <https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttps-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Fwww.psychologytoday.com-252Fus-252Fblog-252Fblack-2Dpsychology-2Dmatters-252F202007-252Fwhy-2Dblack-2Dpsychology-2Dmatters-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C182ab4f3bfe94b105ae108d82d854d02-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C1-257C637309397837606266-26sdata-3DzaYiSZMp43B-252Fc1-252Fcp9l961pGsEYwFMOcaKaQVnaUvmw-253D-26reserved-3D0%26d%3DDwMF-g%26c%3DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0%26r%3DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A%26m%3DsBjC3j57fAolYe9uifazv8985XVC7L2QCcgZ7jbwJeA%26s%3Dg9DO66SUvy3Gqr8C0RX-5mB7SpFQRRl8qKgQNh9PEjU%26e%3D&data=02%7C01%7Cbfowers%40MIAMI.EDU%7C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f%7C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33%7C0%7C0%7C637309491242253665&sdata=xo0GUg9nKqms2w3Y8KklmTLNNfI9dx29b0RzSfsvOPA%3D&reserved=0> It really gets deeply at the question of “What is Psychology? What Should it Be?” Although a bit of an aside, the blog reminds me of an interesting fact that I think should probably be better known than it is, as I learned about it during conducting research for my masters thesis. It is the fact that of all the various ethnic groups routinely studied in the US, Blacks tend to score the highest on self-esteem. Here is a 1990s<https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttps-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Fwww.gregghenriques.com-252Fuploads-252F2-252F4-252F3-252F6-252F24368778-252Fgender-5Fand-5Fethnic-5Fdiff-5Fbet-5Fbody-5Fand-5Fself.pdf-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C182ab4f3bfe94b105ae108d82d854d02-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C1-257C637309397837616261-26sdata-3DCHVqwlVrJTwLRXjkEtyYay6jAlqwHiYottcWUaK3QZY-253D-26reserved-3D0%26d%3DDwMF-g%26c%3DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0%26r%3DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A%26m%3DsBjC3j57fAolYe9uifazv8985XVC7L2QCcgZ7jbwJeA%26s%3Dwj3o_JEuny7wT6ZtnwYHPjeZF54mOE7fRX__g7fuX9c%26e%3D&data=02%7C01%7Cbfowers%40MIAMI.EDU%7C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f%7C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33%7C0%7C0%7C637309491242263661&sdata=NP56XTWGdGHpshr8DlVdXf6AhXZjeuqR%2F9%2BKS41md6g%3D&reserved=0> publication from my work on my masters thesis, which found this to be the case, although I was not looking for it. Here is a more recent 2010s replication<https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttps-3A__nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-252Fpmc-252Farticles-252FPMC3263756-252F-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cbfowers-2540MIAMI.EDU-257C182ab4f3bfe94b105ae108d82d854d02-257C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33-257C0-257C1-257C637309397837616261-26sdata-3DIh4PZEbqPZOPmIxaZvOToCQm8bT-252F8i4UneJjs3NCDcA-253D-26reserved-3D0%26d%3DDwMF-g%26c%3DeLbWYnpnzycBCgmb7vCI4uqNEB9RSjOdn_5nBEmmeq0%26r%3DHPo1IXYDhKClogP-UOpybo6Cfxxz-jIYBgjO2gOz4-A%26m%3DsBjC3j57fAolYe9uifazv8985XVC7L2QCcgZ7jbwJeA%26s%3DymFpcIzvffr5cX422fJV8aZ6PacTXBXhUsCNQC_4TY8%26e%3D&data=02%7C01%7Cbfowers%40MIAMI.EDU%7C5c099b6051e448343c1108d82d9b0c5f%7C2a144b72f23942d48c0e6f0f17c48e33%7C0%7C0%7C637309491242263661&sdata=6KsDHM4gaD%2B3qP90mopepeuQyEYkfMz807iB5gkMBHA%3D&reserved=0>. I would be curious to hear if folks have ideas about why this might be the case. I have some notions, but have not seen a systematic analysis that seems to make sense of all the threads. Best, Gregg ___________________________________________ Gregg Henriques, Ph.D. Professor Department of Graduate Psychology 216 Johnston Hall MSC 7401 James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (540) 568-7857 (phone) (540) 568-4747 (fax) Be that which enhances dignity and well-being with integrity. 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